The Penny That Made an Impression

Struck in 1797 and weighing a full ounce, the Cartwheel Penny is one of the most physically impressive coins in British history. It’s more medallion than money.

Commissioned under George III and produced by Matthew Boulton’s pioneering Soho Mint in Birmingham, it was the first coin struck using steam power. This made it a landmark in industrial coinage. Each penny was minted to exacting standards: 36mm wide and 28.3 grams of copper, matching its face value in metal at the time.

But why the bulk? Two reasons. First, to discourage counterfeiting, which was rampant in the late 18th century. And second, to showcase Britain’s new minting capabilities. The sheer size and weight gave it instant authority, although the general public found them impractical to carry. Pockets sagged and purses strained. The public nickname ‘cartwheel’ was not affectionate.

On the obverse, you’ll find a laureate portrait of George III. The reverse features Britannia with trident, shield, and olive branch, along with a tiny engraving of Boulton’s initials near the ship in the background. It’s a proud display of sovereignty and industry, pressed into copper.

Only issued in 1797, Cartwheel Pennies and their 2d counterparts were short-lived but unforgettable. Worn examples still turn up in coin shops and market stalls, their detail softened by circulation but their weight still unmistakable in the hand.